Immunological techniques are the wide varieties of methods and focused experimental protocols developed by immunologists for inducing, measuring, and characterizing immune responses. The most common immunological methods relate to the production and use of antibodies to identify particular proteins in biological samples. They allow the immunologists to alter the immune system through cellular, molecular and genetic manipulation.

Biochemistry is the study of science that explores the chemical processes in living organisms. It’s a laboratory based science that carries together biology and chemistry and deals with the structures and functions of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and biomolecules. Biochemistry focuses at a molecular level like what’s happening inside our cells and how cells communicate with each other.

Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level and deals with connections between the various systems of the cell including the interactions between DNA, RNA and protein synthesis.

Molecular medicine is the application of molecular biology, genetics and molecular immunology to the understanding of human health and disease. It aims to understand of normal body function and disease pathogenesis at the cellular and molecular levels. Its objective is to develop a novel understanding of good health and through a better understanding of disease processes and ways of prevention, diagnosing and treating diseases. The global molecular medicine kits and reagents market is expected to grow at a CAGR of ~7% from 2013 to 2018.

Plant cell biology  are unique among the eukaryotes, organisms whose cells have membrane-enclosed nuclei and organelles, because they can manufacture their own food. Chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color, enables them to use sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars and carbohydrates, chemicals the cell uses for fuel.

Cell and Developmental Biology (CDB) are studying the mechanisms by which cells assemble and function, and how these cells are sculpted into multicellular organisms. CDB research in cell biology addresses fundamental questions common to all eukaryotic cells, including mechanisms of protein degradation, nucleocytoplasmic transport, and cell migration.

In developmental biology we focus on understanding the formation of pattern in development, how differential gene expression affects cell fate, and mechanisms that guide the morphogenesis of tissues, organs and organisms. Several laboratories investigate the basic biology of stem cells in development and regeneration, and the ability of cells and tissues to repair themselves.

Microbial immunology is the study of the molecular mechanisms used by microbes to cause disease in humans and animals. Bacterial, protozoan, fungal and viral pathogens have developed a wide variety of tools to establish themselves in the host and gain nutrients, which also cause impairment and disease. To understand the complex processes used by microbial pathogens, microbiologists and immunologists employ all the tools of modern molecular biology, genetics, virulence factors, drug interactions, biochemistry and biophysics. Understanding how microbes cause disease is often the first step toward the development of new vaccines and therapeutics and its cover all aspects of the interrelationship between infectious agents and their hosts.

Molecular microbiology is the branch of microbiology devoted to the study of the molecular basis of the physiological processes that occur in microorganisms Molecular techniques have had a direct influence on the clinical practice of medical microbiology.

Cellular microbiology is a discipline that bridges microbiology and cell biology. Cellular microbiology attempts to use pathogenic microbes as tools for cell-biology research, and to employ cell-biology methods to understand the pathogenicity of microbes. Toxins and virulence factors from microbes have been used for decades to influence processes in eukaryotic cells and to study them. It has increasingly appeared that applying a purified toxin on a cell does not always provide the complete picture, and that understanding the role of the toxin in pathogenicity, the way the toxin promotes the microbe, the way the toxin is produced and the co-evolution of the toxin and its host-cell counterparts, is crucial.

Transplantation  means removing something from one position and introducing it in another position. It is the act of transferring cells, tissues, or organs from one place to another place. The inserted tissue or organ is known as graft. Organs which can be transplanted are heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, penis, eyes and intestine.

Nutritional Immunology investigates the role of dietary components and their interactions with other environmental factors and genes in age-associated changes of the immune and inflammatory responses.. Methods are being developed to use the immune response as a biologically meaningful index in determining specific dietary requirements. The laboratory uses a translational approach to: 1) Study cellular and molecular mechanisms of age and nutrition-induced changes in immune and inflammatory responses. 2) Determine the efficacy of food components including total calories, lipids, micronutrients such as vitamin E, and zinc, as well as flavonoids such as those in green tea and wolfberry, and pre- and pro-biotics on improving the immune function and/or dampening the inflammatory responses using cell culture, animal models and clinical trials. 3) Determine the efficacy of food components such as micronutrients and phytochemicals in the prevention of infectious, autoimmune and chronic diseases in animal models, clinical trials and observational studies in U.S. and less developed countries. 4) Determine the life-long impact of obesity and reducing caloric intake on immune response and resistance to infection. 5) Investigate the impact of nutrition during fetal life on long-life resistance to immune and inflammatory diseases

Reproductive immunology refers to a field of medicine that studies interactions (or the absence of them) between the immune system and components related to the reproductive system, such as maternal immune tolerance towards the fetus, or immunological interactions across the blood-testis barrier. The immune system refers to all parts of the body that work to defend it against harmful enemies. In people with immunological fertility problems their body identifies part of reproductive function as an enemy and sends Natural Killer (NK) cells to attack. A healthy immune response would only identify an enemy correctly and attack only foreign invaders such as a virus, parasite, bacteria etc. The concept of reproductive immunology is not widely accepted by all physicians.

Allergy & Clinical Immunology is the study of the immune system. The immune system is how all animals, including humans, protect themselves against diseases. The study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system is clinical Immunology. The disorders of the immune system fall into two broad categories: Immunodeficiency, in this immune system fails to provide an adequate response. Autoimmunity, in this immune system attacks its own host's body.

Immunology is the study of the immune system, which is responsible for protecting the body from foreign cells such as viruses, bacteria and parasites. Immune system cells called T and B lymphocytes identify and destroy these invaders. The lymphocytes usually recognize and ignore the body’s own tissue (a condition called immunological self-tolerance), but certain autoimmune disorders trigger a malfunction in the immune response causing an attack on the body’s own cells due to a loss of immune tolerance.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks insulin-producing islet cells in the pancreas. This attack begins years before type 1 diabetes becomes evident, so by the time someone is diagnosed, extensive damage has already been done and the ability to produce insulin is lost.

Pathology is a branch of medical science primarily concerning the examination of organs, tissues, and bodily fluids in order to make a diagnosis of disease. Immunopathology is a branch of biomedical science concerned with immune responses to disease, with immunodeficiency diseases, and with diseases caused by immune mechanisms.  It includes the study of the pathology of an organism, organ system, or disease with respect to the immune system, immunity, and immune responses. The immune pathological reaction is caused by release of toxins and the apoptosis of infected cell.

Pediatric is the branch of drug manages the medicinal consideration of babies, kids, and youths, and as far as possible normally goes from conception up to 18 years old. A pediatrician is a tyke's doctor who gives preventive wellbeing support to solid youngsters. Therapeutic tend to kids who are intensely or chronically sick. Pediatric specialist knows how to analyze and treat kids in a manner that makes them casual and agreeable. Most pediatric surgical workplaces are masterminded and enriched because of youngsters. Pediatricians deal with the physical, mental, and enthusiastic prosperity of their patients, in every phase of advancement.

Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate morbidity from infection. Some vaccines are administered after the patient already has contracted a disease. Four main types are inactivated vaccine, attenuated vaccine, Virus-like particle vaccines and a subunit vaccine. Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen.   

The innate immune system, also known as the nonspecific immune system is an important part of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms. The innate immune system will act as the first line of defense against the invading microbial pathogens and relies on a large family of pattern recognition. Contrary to the adaptive immune system (which is found only in vertebrates), it does not confer long-lasting or protective immunity to the host.  Innate immune systems provides immediate defense against the infection, and are found in all classes of living organisms including plant and animal life. They include both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components

Immunotherapy is treatment that uses certain parts of a person’s immune system to fight diseases such as cancer. This can be done in a couple of ways: Own immune system stimulation, Biological therapy or biotherapy. These advances in cancer immunotherapy are the result of long-term investments in basic research on the immune system—research that continues today. Additional research is currently under way to: understand why immunotherapy is effective in some patients but not in other’s who have the same cancer, expand the use of immunotherapy to more types of cancer, increase the effectiveness of immunotherapy by combining it with other types of cancer treatment, such as targeted therapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Immunogenetics is the branch of science that deals with the relationship between the immune system and their genetics. Immunogenetics comprises all processes of an organism, which are controlled and influenced by the genes of the organism. Immunogenetics focuses on autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, are complex genetic traits which result from defects in the immune system. Defining the immune defects, Identification of genes, may identify new target genes for therapeutic approaches in future.

The branch of biomedicine concerned with the structure and function of the immune system, innate and acquired immunity, the bodily distinction of self from self, and laboratory techniques involving the interaction of antigens with specific antibodies is Medicinal Immunology.  

Immunohematology is more frequently known as blood banking is a branch of hematology which studies antigen-antibody reactions and analogous phenomena as they similar to the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of blood disorders. Immunohematology is a study of the immunology and genetics of blood groups, blood cell antigens and antibodies and specific blood proteins especially important in blood banking and transfusion medicine. Case studies in dermatology

Immunooncology therapies activate our immune system, making it able to recognize cancer cells and destroy them. Breast cancer is one of the major cancer types for which new immune-based cancer treatments are currently in development. Lung cancer surgery carries risks, including bleeding and infection. Clinical trials are studies of experimental lung cancer treatments. Adult central nervous system tumor is a disease in which abnormal cells form in the tissues of the brain and/or spinal cord. A tumor that starts in another part of the body and spreads to the brain is called a metastatic brain tumor. 

Molecular Immunology deals with immune responses at cellular and molecular level. Molecular immunology has been evolved for better understanding of the sub-cellular immune responses for prevention and treatment of immune related disorders and immune deficient diseases. Journal of molecular immunology focuses on the in vitro and in vivo immunological responses of the host